•1. Matrix substitution - dissolving sample into liquid or gas solution, grinding sample with KBr powder.
•2. Separation - using chromatography, solvent extraction, etc. to isolate analyte from complex matrix.
•3. Preconcentration - collecting the analyte from sample into a much smaller volume to raise its concentration.
•4. Derivatization - chemically modifying the analyte to improve volatility, light absorption, complex formation,
etc., so that the instrument can more easily measure concentration.
•5. Masking
- modifying interferences so that they are no longer detected by the instrument.
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