General Instructional Objectives

Chapter 18: Carbohydrates

18.1 Biochemistry--An Overview
18.2 Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
18.3 Classification of Carbohydrates
18.4 Chirality: Handedness in Molecules
18.5 Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers
18.6 Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projections
18.7 Properties of Enantiomers
18.8 Classification of Monosaccharides
18.9 Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
18.10 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
18.11 Haworth Projection Formulas
18.12 Reactions of Monosaccharides
18.13 Disaccharides
18.14 General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
18.15 Storage Polysaccharides
18.16 Structural Polysaccharides
18.17 Acidic Polysaccharides
18.18 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
18.19 Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates

Instructional Objectives

1. Know the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates and the amounts of each recommended in the daily diet.
2. Know the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates and the amounts of each recommended in the daily diet.
3. Understand the concepts of chirality, enantiomers, stereoisomers, and the D and L-families.
4. Recognize whether a sugar is a reducing or a nonreducing sugar.
5. Discuss the use of the Benedict's reagent to measure the level of glucose in urine.  Draw and name the common, simple carbohydrates using structural formulas and Fischer projection formulas.
6. Given the linear structure of a monosaccharide, draw the Haworth projection of its a- and 0-cyclic forms and vice versa.  Discuss the structural, chemical, and biochemical properties of the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
7. Know the difference between galactosemia and lactose intolerance.