1	Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009
2	Introduction to Organic and biochemistry Chapter 1-12
3	Introduction to organic & Biochemistry
4	Introduction to organic & Biochemistry
5	Organic and Inorganic compounds
6	Covalent or Ionic
7	Organic or Inorganic
8	Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon with H, N, O and S. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components.
9	More details.. Organic vs. Inorganic
10	Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
11	s and p hybrids
12	Hybrid Atomic Orbitals Hybridization is the mixing up of two or more atomic orbitals There are three types of hybrid atomic orbitals for carbon sp³(one s orbital + three p orbitals give four sp³ orbitals) sp²(one s orbital + two p orbitals give three sp² orbitals) sp (one s orbital + one p orbital give two sp orbitals)
13	s and p bonds in single and multiple bonds single bond - one shared pair of electrons between two atoms; a s bond double bond - two shared pairs of electrons between two atoms; one s bond and one p bond triple bond - three shared pairs of electrons between two atoms; one s bond and two p bonds
14	s and p bonds Overlap of hybrid orbitals can form two types of bonds, depending on the geometry of the overlap bonds are formed by “direct” overlap p bonds are formed by “parallel” overlap of unhybrid p prbitlas
15	Predicting hybridization of atoms in a Lewis structure Count sigma bonds and unshared electrons around the atom If the total number of pairs: 2 sp hybridization 3 sp² hybridization 4 sp³ hybridization
16	Counting s and p bonds in Lewis structure
17	Draw Lewis structure of molecules CHCl₃ C₂H₄ C₃H₈O CH₃CH₂CH₂OH CH₃CH₂OCH₃ CH₃CO₂H CH₃CHO
18	Resonance
19	Curved arrow Electron pushing Curved arrow: a symbol used to show the redistribution of valence electrons In using curved arrows, there are only two allowed types of electron redistribution: from a bond to an adjacent atom from an atom to an adjacent bond Electron pushing by the use of curved arrows is also used in explaining reaction mechanisms
20	Drawing Curved Arrows
21	Bond Properties Bond strength: strongest weakest Bond length: longest shortest
22	Formula Molecular formula kind and number of each type of atoms Structural formula each atom and bond in a molecule
23	Condensed formula Condensed formula Shorthand way of writing a formula. Lists all atoms in order and tells how they are bound together. Example. Propane C₃H₈ CH₃CH₂CH₃ This is a convenient format for describing a molecule using text.
24	Structural Formula of hydrocarbons One simple class of compound is the alkane which has only C, H and single bonds. methane ethane propane butane CH₄CH₃CH₃CH₃CH₂CH₃CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃
25	Line Formula of hydrocarbons One simple class of compound is the alkane which has only C, H and single bonds. methane ethane propane butane CH₄CH₃CH₃CH₃CH₂CH₃CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃
26	Line formula Similar to structural formula. Each line represents a bond. Carbons are assumed to be present at the end of each line segment. Hydrogen is not shown when bound to carbon.
27	Models Three dimensional representations
28	Base names of organic compounds Prefix Carbons Meth- 1 Eth- 2 Prop- 3 But- 4 Pent- 5 Hex- 6 Hept- 7 Oct- 8 Non- 9 Dec- 10
29	Functional Groups in Organic Compounds Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties Functional group divide organic compounds into classes the sites of characteristic chemical reactions the basis for naming organic compounds
30	Common Functional Groups
31	Common Functional Groups (continued)
32	Classification of organic compounds
33
34	The IUPAC system: Naming Organic Compounds As a general system of nomenclature prefix-infix-suffix prefix tells the number of carbon atoms in the parent infix tells the nature of the carbon-carbon bonds suffix tells the class of compound
35	Hydrocarbons Composed of only carbon and hydrogen; in petroleum and coal Saturated - hydrocarbons with all C-C single bonds Unsaturated - hydrocarbons with at least one C-C double bond or triple bonds
36	Classification of Hydrocarbons
37
38	Biochemical Principles Structures of Monomers and Polymers found in living systems Carbohydrates (glucose, starch, cellulose) Proteins (amino acids, proteins) Nucleic acids (Nucleotides-A,T,G,C and RNA & DNA) Functions of Biological molecules Enzymes and Vitamins Nucleic Acids and hereditary Biochemical Energy Production Carbohydrate Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Protein Metabolism