CHEM 120: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Instructor: Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D., Ohio State University)

CTH 311, Tele: 257-4941, e-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu

Office hours: 10:00 to 12:00 Tu & Th ; 8:00-9:00 and 11:00-12:00 M,W,& F

Chapters Covered and Test dates

Tests will be given in regular class periods from 9:30-10:45 a.m. on the following days:

September 21,     2004 (Test 1): Chapters 1 & 2

October 6,           2004(Test 2): Chapters 3, & 4

October 20,         2004 (Test 3): Chapter 5 & 6

November 3,        2004 (Test 4): Chapter 7 & 8

November 15,      2004 (Test 5): Chapter 9 & 10

November 17,      2004 MAKE-UP: Comprehensive test (Covers all chapters

Grading:

[( Test 1 + Test 2 + Test3 + Test4 + Test5)] x.70 + [ Homework + quiz average] x 0.30 = Final Average

                                            5

Chapter 2: The composition and structure of the atom

Matter and structure

Picture of matter has evolved (and is still evolving) over the years.

Democritus (Greek philosopher, 470-380 B.C.) --atomic theory

Composition of the atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is called an ____

Basic structural unit of an element is an ____

An _____ is incredibly small.

Makeup of an atom for a chemist

An atom is composed of

The _________ (positively charged) and _______ (uncharged) are found in a very small, dense portion of the atom called the nucleus .

__________ (negatively charged) surround the nucleus in a very diffuse region and have a much smaller mass than the proton and neutron.

"Name"

Name        charge      mass(amu)     mass(g)

Electron (e)    -1             5.4x10^-4       9.1095x10^-28

Proton (p)       +1            1.00             1.6725x10^-24

Neutron (n)      0             1.00             1.6750x10^-24

Elemental Symbols

How are elements given symbols?

Chemical symbols can be one or two letters. The first letter is always a capital case and the second letter is always a small case. Some symbols are taken from the Latin or German names of elements.

Na = sodium, K = potassium, Fe = iron, Cu = copper, Ag = silver, Sn = tin, Sb = antimony, W = tungsten,
Au = gold, Hg = mercury, Pb = lead

Symbolic notation for element

Mass no. A c charge X Atomic no. Z

X is the chemical symbol for the element

The atomic no.(Z) is the

The mass no.(A) is the

"If the"

If the mass number (A) = total no. of protons and neutrons in the nucleus,

The number is neutrons is?

Number of neutrons =

For neutral atoms, the no. of protons in the nucleus = no. of electrons outside of the nucleus and the overall charge is zero.

Isotopes (or are all atoms of a given element the same?)

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number (therefore diff. nos. of neutrons) are called isotopes

Most elements have two or more isotopes.

¹₁H ²₁H ³₁H

"33"

33 S 16

How many protons?

How many neutrons?

How many electrons?

Is it necessary to include the atomic no.?

"What is the atomic number..."

What is the atomic number of bromine?

How many protons does a Br atom have?

How many neutrons does a Br atom with mass number 79 have?

How many electrons does a (neutral) Br atom have?

"How many protons,"

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in

²⁰⁹₈₄Po

¹³⁶₅₆Ba

Average atomic mass

The atomic masses of an element are the weighted averages of all the isotopes of that element taking into account the relative abundance each isotope.

Average at.mass = %abundance isotope 1/100% x mass isotope 1 + %abundance isotope 2/100% x mass isotope 2 + etc…...

Isotopic mass problem

The atomic masses of the two stable isotopes of boron, ¹⁰₅B (19.78%) and ¹¹₅B (80.22%) are 10.0129amu and 11.0093 amu respectively. What is the “average” atomic mass of boron?

Question 2.3

The element neon has three naturally occurring isotopes. One of these has a mass of 19.99 amu and a natural abundance of 90.48%. A second isotope has a mass of 20.99 amu and a natural abundance of 0.27%. A third has a mass of 21.99 amu and a natural abundance of 9.25%. Calculate the atomic mass of neon.

Harder isotope problem

A hypothetical atom has two isotopes only.

Isotope one has a percent abundance of 60%.

If the average isotopic mass is 120.0 amu what are the masses of isotopes one and two?

Ions

Ions are charged particles that are a result of the atom

_______ have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged. The original atom has gained electron(s).

________ have more protons than neutrons and are positively charged. The original atom has lost electron(s).

"Charge on an ion =..."

Charge on an ion = no. of protons - no. of electrons.

³⁷₁₇Cl gains one electron g

¹³⁸₅₆Ba loses two electrons g

Like charges repel each other, opposite attract.

"2.24:"

2.24: Write the symbol for an isotope

that contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons

2.30: Which are true?

An atom with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14 is identical to an atom with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14.

Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons as protons.

The mass of an atom is due to the sum of the no. of protons, neutrons and electrons.

"2.28 from end of..."

2.28 from end of chapter

Development of the atomic theory

Democritus (Greek philosopher) fifth century B.C. : matter consists of very small, indivisible particles--atomos (atoms--uncuttable)

Plato and Aristotle not accept this idea.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)

Marked beginning of modern era of chemistry

Dalton’s hypotheses

Elements are composed of extremely small particles, called atoms.

All atoms of an element are identical (same size, mass, chem. prop).

The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.

An atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed or converted into any other type of atom.

Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element in simple whole-number ratios.

A chemical reaction involves the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms, not their creation or destruction.

Slide 26

Which of Dalton’s postulates are considered true today?

Subatomic particles

Is the atom really indestructible, or does it consist of even smaller particles?

Electrons

1890’s: cathode ray tube experiments (tube sealed with metal electrodes in it and evacuated of air)

Apply high voltage source, invisible ray produced (see effect by fluorescence when ray strikes coated surface).

Slide 30

"Find rays have same properties..."

Find rays have same properties regardless of metal used in constructing the cathode.

Experiments show that cathode rays are made of charged particles that interact with electric and magnetic field when moving.

Particles are negatively charged (repelled by the negative plate, attracted toward the positive plate).

These negative particles are fundamental particles of matter. Called electrons. (1897 Thomson)

Are there other particles that make up the atom?

Atoms are neutral and contain electrons which are negatively charged.

Therefore there must be something positive present also.

"Protons,"

Protons, which are positively charged, were discovered by Goldstein

Protons have mass of 1.67262 x 10^-24 g (1840 times greater than electron mass) and charge equal but opposite in sign from e-.

Slide 34

Natural radioactivity

Spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation.

a rays = positively charged helium nuclei

b rays = electrons (negatively charged particles)

g rays = high-energy radiation (photons), with no charge

Slide 36

Rutherford picture of atom from scattering expt (1910)

Atom is mostly empty space with positive charge (protons) concentrated in a dense central core called the nucleus. (Neutrons are also in the nucleus--Chadwick experimental evidence in 1932 for neutron)

Positive core of atom deflects a particles strongly.

‘It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you.”

2.4: Relationship between light and atomic structure

Light and atomic structure

Rutherford atom doesn’t say much about electron location except that they’re in a region outside of the nucleus that is mostly empty space.

Let’s look at electromagnetic spectrum of light. (energy and wavelength)

Slide 40

"Pass ordinary light through a..."

Pass ordinary light through a prism get continuous spectrum of all wavelengths

But if look at emitted light from a tube containing hydrogen or another gas get an emission spectrum like

Slide 42

Bohr atom

Electrons orbit nucleus like a planet around the sun in circular orbits (held electrostatically).

Hydrogen atom consists of 1 electron orbiting 1 proton

"Electron can only be located..."

Electron can only be located in certain stable orbits. Bohr assumed that the energy of the e-’s orbit and its radius are ________. Not all energies or radii are allowed.

Moving from one orbit (quantum level) to another causes atom to absorb or emit a photon (particle of light) of energy

Slide 45

Summary of results of Bohr’s theory (p 47)

Light energy can be absorbed and emitted by promotion and relaxation of electrons from one energy level to another--see a line in spectrum corresponding to energy difference (photon emission) btn levels.

Don’t see all colors, just those that correspond to energy difference btn levels

"Electrons can be found only..."

Electrons can be found only in certain allowed energy levels (orbits). Not all energies or radii of orbits are allowed--quantized.

As orbits get further from nucleus, energy of orbit increases.

According to Bohr one can know the location and energy of an electron in an atom with certainty.

Read the summary of Bohr theory on p 46

Modern atomic theory

Bohr model only good for one electron atoms and quantization assumed.

Later developments:

deBroglie noted that electrons had both wave and particle properties: wave-particle duality of matter. Need both concepts to describe electrons.

"Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:"

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know simultaneously how fast an electron is moving and its position with certainty.

"This leads to:"

This leads to:

Electrons do not move around the nucleus in well-defined orbits but are located in orbitals which are regions in space where there is a large probability of finding an electron (electron cloud).

These electron clouds are denser in some regions than others. The electron density is proportional to the probability of finding the electron at any point in time.


	Instructor: Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D., Ohio State University)
	CTH 311, Tele: 257-4941, e-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu
	Office hours: 10:00 to 12:00 Tu & Th ; 8:00-9:00 and 11:00-12:00 M,W,& F


	Tests will be given in regular class periods from 9:30-10:45 a.m. on the following days:
	September 21, 2004 (Test 1): Chapters 1 & 2
	October 6, 2004(Test 2): Chapters 3, & 4
	October 20, 2004 (Test 3): Chapter 5 & 6
	November 3, 2004 (Test 4): Chapter 7 & 8
	November 15, 2004 (Test 5): Chapter 9 & 10
	November 17, 2004 MAKE-UP: Comprehensive test (Covers all chapters
	Grading:
	[( Test 1 + Test 2 + Test3 + Test4 + Test5)] x.70 + [ Homework + quiz average] x 0.30 = Final Average
	5


	Picture of matter has evolved (and is still evolving) over the years.

	Democritus (Greek philosopher, 470-380 B.C.) --atomic theory


	The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is called an ____
	Basic structural unit of an element is an ____

	An _____ is incredibly small.


	An atom is composed of

	The _________ (positively charged) and _______ (uncharged) are found in a very small, dense portion of the atom called the nucleus .

	__________ (negatively charged) surround the nucleus in a very diffuse region and have a much smaller mass than the proton and neutron.



	Name charge mass(amu) mass(g)

	Electron (e) -1 5.4x10^-4 9.1095x10^-28

	Proton (p) +1 1.00 1.6725x10^-24

	Neutron (n) 0 1.00 1.6750x10^-24



	How are elements given symbols?
	Chemical symbols can be one or two letters. The first letter is always a capital case and the second letter is always a small case. Some symbols are taken from the Latin or German names of elements.
	Na = sodium, K = potassium, Fe = iron, Cu = copper, Ag = silver, Sn = tin, Sb = antimony, W = tungsten, Au = gold, Hg = mercury, Pb = lead


	Mass no. A c charge X Atomic no. Z
	X is the chemical symbol for the element
	The atomic no.(Z) is the

	The mass no.(A) is the


	If the mass number (A) = total no. of protons and neutrons in the nucleus,
	The number is neutrons is?
	Number of neutrons =
	For neutral atoms, the no. of protons in the nucleus = no. of electrons outside of the nucleus and the overall charge is zero.


	Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number (therefore diff. nos. of neutrons) are called isotopes
	Most elements have two or more isotopes.

	¹₁H ²₁H ³₁H


	33 S 16
	How many protons?

	How many neutrons?

	How many electrons?

	Is it necessary to include the atomic no.?


	What is the atomic number of bromine?

	How many protons does a Br atom have?


	How many neutrons does a Br atom with mass number 79 have?

	How many electrons does a (neutral) Br atom have?


	How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in

	²⁰⁹₈₄Po

	¹³⁶₅₆Ba


	The atomic masses of an element are the weighted averages of all the isotopes of that element taking into account the relative abundance each isotope.
	Average at.mass = %abundance isotope 1/100% x mass isotope 1 + %abundance isotope 2/100% x mass isotope 2 + etc…...


	The atomic masses of the two stable isotopes of boron, ¹⁰₅B (19.78%) and ¹¹₅B (80.22%) are 10.0129amu and 11.0093 amu respectively. What is the “average” atomic mass of boron?


	The element neon has three naturally occurring isotopes. One of these has a mass of 19.99 amu and a natural abundance of 90.48%. A second isotope has a mass of 20.99 amu and a natural abundance of 0.27%. A third has a mass of 21.99 amu and a natural abundance of 9.25%. Calculate the atomic mass of neon.


	A hypothetical atom has two isotopes only.
	Isotope one has a percent abundance of 60%.
	If the average isotopic mass is 120.0 amu what are the masses of isotopes one and two?


	Ions are charged particles that are a result of the atom

	_______ have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged. The original atom has gained electron(s).
	________ have more protons than neutrons and are positively charged. The original atom has lost electron(s).


	Charge on an ion = no. of protons - no. of electrons.

	³⁷₁₇Cl gains one electron g

	¹³⁸₅₆Ba loses two electrons g



	Like charges repel each other, opposite attract.


	2.24: Write the symbol for an isotope
	that contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons

	2.30: Which are true?
	An atom with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14 is identical to an atom with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14.
	Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons as protons.
	The mass of an atom is due to the sum of the no. of protons, neutrons and electrons.


	Democritus (Greek philosopher) fifth century B.C. : matter consists of very small, indivisible particles--atomos (atoms--uncuttable)
	Plato and Aristotle not accept this idea.


	Elements are composed of extremely small particles, called atoms.
	All atoms of an element are identical (same size, mass, chem. prop).
	The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
	An atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed or converted into any other type of atom.
	Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element in simple whole-number ratios.
	A chemical reaction involves the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms, not their creation or destruction.


	Is the atom really indestructible, or does it consist of even smaller particles?


	1890’s: cathode ray tube experiments (tube sealed with metal electrodes in it and evacuated of air)
	Apply high voltage source, invisible ray produced (see effect by fluorescence when ray strikes coated surface).


	Find rays have same properties regardless of metal used in constructing the cathode.
	Experiments show that cathode rays are made of charged particles that interact with electric and magnetic field when moving.
	Particles are negatively charged (repelled by the negative plate, attracted toward the positive plate).
	These negative particles are fundamental particles of matter. Called electrons. (1897 Thomson)


	Atoms are neutral and contain electrons which are negatively charged.
	Therefore there must be something positive present also.


	Protons, which are positively charged, were discovered by Goldstein
	Protons have mass of 1.67262 x 10^-24 g (1840 times greater than electron mass) and charge equal but opposite in sign from e-.


	Spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation.
	a rays = positively charged helium nuclei
	b rays = electrons (negatively charged particles)
	g rays = high-energy radiation (photons), with no charge


	Atom is mostly empty space with positive charge (protons) concentrated in a dense central core called the nucleus. (Neutrons are also in the nucleus--Chadwick experimental evidence in 1932 for neutron)
	Positive core of atom deflects a particles strongly.
	‘It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you.”


	Rutherford atom doesn’t say much about electron location except that they’re in a region outside of the nucleus that is mostly empty space.

	Let’s look at electromagnetic spectrum of light. (energy and wavelength)